逗号有哪些使用方法?论文代写为您举例说明!相较而言,国外大学对论文的写作要求和格式方面都严格许多,而标点符号作为一个容易被忽略的部分,我们也应该重视起来了。今天我们论文代写老师主要来讲讲逗号的使用方法。逗号的主要作用是为了避免歧义,让读者的阅读速度更快。一起往下看吧。
1、用“逗号+连词”来连接两个单独的句子
这里的句子必须是地位平等的两个句子,这样的连词有如下7种:and, but, or, nor, so, for以及yet, 逗号的作用就是告诉读者,一个独立的句子已经结束,另外一个独立的句子马上开始,咱们来练练:
The department sponsored a seminar on college survival skills and it also hosted a barbecue for new students.(需要在skills后面加一个逗号)
注意!修改后应该是这样的:… skills, and… 大家看一下,skills和逗号之间没有空格,and 和逗号之间有一个空格!
例外!如果两个单独的句子都很短,不加逗号不会产生歧义,则可以不用加逗号,如:The plane took off and we were on our way.
下面这种问题是很多学生经常犯的,大家看出问题来了吗?
A good money manager controls expenses, and invests surplus dollars to meet future needs.(and前后不是单独的句子,所以不要加逗号!)
2、副词性短语开头的句子其后加逗号与主句隔开
如果一个句子是副词性的短语或者从句(状语从句)开头,那么要加一个逗号。这里逗号的作用就是告诉读者,整个句子的主句(重点)马上开始,看看下面的句子逗号应该加在哪里?
Near a small stream at the bottom of the canyon the park rangers discovered an abandoned mine.(加在 canyon 后面)
例外!如果副词性的短语非常短,不加逗号不会导致歧义,可以不加,如:
In no time we were at 2,800 feet.
3、用逗号链接一系列并列的词、词组或者从句
Bubbles of air, leaves, ferns, bits of wood and insects are often found trapped in amber.(wood后面加逗号)
Langston Hughes’s poetry is concerned with racial pride, social justice and the diversity of the African American experience.(justice后面加逗号)
4、并列的多个形容词之间没有 and 的时候需要逗号链接,如果多个形容词不是用来单独修饰后面名词的时候(cumulative adjectives),不需要任何东西隔开。
Roberto is a warm, gentle, affectionate father. 这三个形容词可以分开单独修饰father,所以这三个形容词之间要逗号隔开,这边的逗号可以拿 and 来取代。
如果连续的形容词不能够单独修饰后面的名词,这类的形容词叫做 cumulative adjectives,这类词之间不加任何东西,如:Three large gray shapes moved slowly toward us.
5、非限定性成分用逗号隔开
限定性成分(Restrictive elements)用来限制所修饰成分的意义,如果去掉,被修饰成分的意思会发生改变,这种情况下,不能加任何逗号,比如说:
The campers need clothes that are durable.(加黑部分就是限定性成分,去掉之后,对这边被修饰成分clothes的意思有影响)
Scientists who study the earth’s structure are called geologists.(同上)
反之,非限定性成分和被修饰词之间的关系不是那么紧密,它的作用不是限定,而是增加信息,去掉之后,不影响被修饰成分的意思,如:
The campers need sturdy shoes, which are expensive.
The scientists, who represented eight different universities, met to review applications for the prestigious O’Hara Award.
上面两句话的重点信息在主句上面,从句的内容去掉之后,不影响被修饰的名词在主句中的角色。除了定语从句,形容词性词组以及同位语词组也遵循上面的规则(即限定不加逗号,不限定加逗号),大家看下面的例句:
The helicopter, with its million-candlepower spotlight illuminating the area, circled above.(加粗部分为非限定性成分,去掉之后,对helicopter意思影响不大)
One corner of the attic was filled with newspapers dating from the early 1900s.(加粗部分为限定性成分,去掉之后,newspaper 意思变化很大)
6、过渡词(组)后面需要加逗号表达停顿,这类词包括:however, therefore, moreover, for example, as a matter of fact, in other words 等等。
Minh did not understand our language; moreover, he was unfamiliar with our customs. (注意 moreover 前面必须是分号,后面加一个逗号)
As a matter of fact, American football was established by fans who wanted to play a more organized game of rugby.(这类词在句子开头,往往要加逗号和主句隔开)
7、有些插入性的表达用来补充信息的,要用逗号隔开
Evolution, as far as we know, doesn’t work this way.
The bass weighed about twelve pounds, give or take a few ounces.
8、对比强烈的词组要用逗号隔开
The Epicurean philosophers sought mental, not bodily, pleasures.
Unlike Robert, Celia loved dance contests.
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